Set the slider to the color you want and click the "Reset Dots" Button once you set it. Keep in mind that the range of the color setting slider is between 1 and 200 (if you have a specific color in mind within the 100 range, multiply it by 2).
Recommended in fullscreen mode. Usually, the color effect in Scratch changes the color of a sprite within a range of 200 and not a range of 100 like you may be used to in the costumes menu. This "chart" or whatever is meant to help you with using the color effect (ignore the clones' change in size; it has something to do with the code, not the visuals).