Guys why is no one reading my drafts TOT
MAPK and VCAM-1 ( Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), ( ICAM-1), and (E-selectin). These proteins catch passing white blood cells. Proteins such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 (Interleukin-6), MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1), are signaled when the Endothelium cell can’t produce Nitric oxide. In reproductive conditions like PCOS, insulin resistance triggers the MAPK pathway ( Mitogen-Activated protein Kinase), which is a molecular chain that signals almost every cell in the body. Its primary function is to control essentially what happens to the cells by activating specific transcription factors, which is a response to environmental stimuli. The pathways start at the cell membrane and receptors such as receptor tyrosine kinase ( which regulate crucial cellular processes like proliferation ( the rapid production of a cell), differentiation (the developmental process where immature cells become mature cells with specific functions), survival, and metabolism),by transferring phosphate groups from ATP (adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency in all living cells), to tyrosine residues on target proteins. It then operates in the cytoplasm ( which occupies the space between the outer cell membrane (plasma membrane) and the nuclear membrane in eukaryotes.) where the pathway is divided into four different branches, each responding to different types of stress and signals. This is a process also known as “ Phosphorylation Cascade”, with the three enzymes MAP3k ( which receives the signal from the cell membrane through Ras and Rho ( which are families of small GTpases ( a large family of hydrolase enzymes that act as molecular switches in biological systems by binding and hydrolyzing guanosine triphosate ( a purine nucleotide that serves as a molecule that aids in the beginning of RNA synthesis), into guanosine diphosphate ( a purine nucleoside which aids in cellular energy transfer and signaling), MAP2K ( which is activated by the MAP3k, and MAPK, which enters the nucleus and starts interacting with cytoplasmic proteins. In a normal state, your blood vessels produce VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, which allow white blood cells to migrate into tissues in prevention of infection and injury. These proteins are also vital in managing inflammation of cellular stress and tissue damage. As a result, the p38 MAPK branch ( which acts as a signaling hub with α,β, and δ isoforms, which exhibit differential tissue expression and functions), stays untouched and the endothelium remains slippery, allowing blood flow without friction without the build up of plaque. In the vessel walls with women with PCOS, the MAPK pathways, particularly ERK ½, are hyperactive in the endometrium and dysregulated in the granulosa cells ( cells in the ovarian follicle that surround and regulate the development of the egg), promoting excessive androgen production and insulin resistance. The MAPK pathway is an important link between ovarian dysfunction and hyperandrogenism in PCOS.
