A = simple passive transport Passing through the phospholipid bilayer with no assistance. Small, non-polar particles can pass through; these are water, gases, and fatty acids. B = facilitated passive transport Passing through the membrane using protein pumps and channels. This is for large, polar, and charged particles. C = active transport Moving from low to high concentration. This is not the natural flow of particles, so it requires special pumps that use ATP to move them across the membrane. D = aerobic respiration Cellular respiration with oxygen available. Glucose undergoes glycolysis and splits into 2 pyruvates, creating 2 ATP. Kreb's Cycle occurs, and the pyruvates and oxygen are broken down in the mitochondria. The carbon and oxygen combine to make CO2, and 2 ATP are produced. The Electron Transport Chain occurs in the mitochondria when the leftover H and O2 combine to make water. 32 ATP are produced in this step. E = anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration without oxygen. The mitochondria can't be used. After glycolysis, fermentation occurs. The pyruvates are fermented in the cytoplasm to form either lactic acid or alcohol. Since this is an animal cell, lactic acid is produced. F = intracellular protein synthesis The first step of protein synthesis is transcription. DNA in the nucleus unwinds, and RNA links to the bases on the strand. When the gene has been transcribed into mRNA, it travels through the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for translation. Inside the ribosomes, tRNA joins to groups of three nitrogen bases called codons. The tRNA translates them into amino acids, which form a polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain then folds into a protein to be used inside the cell. G = extracellular protein synthesis This is the same as intracellular, except translation takes place in a ribosome in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The protein then moves to the Golgi apparatus, where it is sent either to the membrane or outside of the cell. H = lipid synthesis In the scenario, a faulty protein channel is broken down by a lysosome and recycled in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Specifics of this process are at a higher learning level than the rest of this project, so this is an inaccurate simplification. I = ribosome creation Same as the following. A complex process called ribosome biogenesis occurs in the nucleolus, in which rRNA ribosomes are created.
