DISCLAIMER: You are not actually mining bitcoin this is a game! Thank you, Wikipedia for existing. How this is works is the computer guesses a number It has a 1/1000 chance of getting it right, if it gets it right you are rewarded bitcoin. To increase your Guesses per Minute (GpM) you have to upgrade your miner using the bitcoins you've mined, and the profits you've made from them. Exchange Rate changes every 15 seconds, fluctuating between 5k and 15k.
Basically, Bitcoin Mining is a guessing game and if you guess right you get awarded bitcoin. Now in real life, you are competing with other people and it is much harder. In this, you are the only one mining and the answer will not change until you get it correct. The Exchange rate is how much each bitcoin is worth in dollars.