Notes: Where they were found: Cold steppe environments in England and Siberia 60 millennia ago. Warm, temperate woodlands 120 millennia ago. What fossils were found: Bodily fossils (bones). Physical characteristics: Strong, muscular bodies, wide hips and shoulders. 64-82kg and 1.5-1.75m tall. Early neanderthals were, on average, taller than later Neanderthals. Neanderthals had very similar postures to modern humans and did not hunch over. Faces had heavy brows, big noses, and protruding upper jaws. Distinct culture: Made tools out of stone. They made scrapers for tanning hides, awls for punching holes in hides to make loose-fitting clothes, and burins for cutting into wood and bone. They also made tools to prepare food, kill animals, and sharpen weapons such as spears. Made ornaments, dyes, manuports, and jewelry. Drew cave art with natural dyes. Buried their dead and left them with flowers. Closest relatives: Denisovans and Humans. Neanderthals are modern humans' closest relatives along with Denisovans.
